RESUMO
En este artículo describimos un programa de asesoramiento colaborativo dirigido a docentes, enmarcado en las perspectivas teóricas socio-interactiva (Bruner, 1986) y eco-funcional (Bronfenbrenner, 1987). El objetivo principal es promover procesos de reflexión y crítica respecto a las estrategias, herramientas y orientaciones que los docentes pueden ir progresivamente incorporando en el aula para optimizar la manera de enfocar el trabajo de la comunicación y el lenguaje, con el fin último de mejorar la competencia comunicativa y lingüística de los alumnos con discapacidad. El asesoramiento consiste en el desarrollo de 9 reuniones, 8 de asesoramiento y una de cierre, mediante las cuales se enseña a los docentes, principalmente a: a) optimizar la organización del aula, b) seguir en mayor medida la iniciativa de los alumnos, c) usar estrategias para promover la interacción y alargar los turnos conversacionales, y d) usar estrategias de modelado del lenguaje. La eficacia del programa de asesoramiento se ha probado en una investigación-acción colaborativa con tres docentes de escuela especial, aportando resultados diversos tanto en relación con el desarrollo profesional de los docentes como en el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa y lingüística de los alumnos. Los resultados indican que el modelo de asesoramiento colaborativo es una herramienta útil para ayudar a los docentes a construir un entorno más adecuado para el desarrollo de la competencia comunicativa y social de los alumnos.(AU)
In this article we describe a collaborative counselling programme for teachers, framed in the socio-interactive (Bruner, 1986) and eco-functional (Bronfenbrenner, 1987) theoretical perspectives. The main objective is to promote processes of reflection and criticism regarding strategies, tools and guidelines that teachers can progressively incorporate in the classroom to optimise the way they approach communication and language work, with the ultimate goal of improving the communicative and linguistic competence of students with disabilities. The counselling takes place over nine meetings, eight counselling meetings and one closing meeting, through which teachers are taught, mainly to: a) optimize the organization of the classroom, b) follow to a greater extent the students lead, c) use strategies to promote interaction and lengthen conversational turns, and d) use language modelling strategies. The effectiveness of the counselling programme has been proved in a collaborative Action-Research with three special schoolteachers, providing different results both in relation to the professional development of the teachers and in the development of the communicative and linguistic competence of the students. The results indicate that the collaborative counselling model is a useful tool to help teachers to build a more appropriate environment for the development of students communicative and social competence.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Comunicação , Docentes/educação , Pessoas com Deficiência , Tutoria , Educação Especial/métodos , Fala , Audiologia , Fonoaudiologia , Idioma , Educação/métodosRESUMO
Many social phenomena involve a set of dyadic relations among agents whose actions may be dependent. Although individualistic approaches have frequently been applied to analyze social processes, these are not generally concerned with dyadic relations, nor do they deal with dependency. This article describes a mathematical procedure for analyzing dyadic interactions in a social system. The proposed method consists mainly of decomposing asymmetric data into their symmetric and skew-symmetric parts. A quantification of skew symmetry for a social system can be obtained by dividing the norm of the skew-symmetric matrix by the norm of the asymmetric matrix. This calculation makes available to researchers a quantity related to the amount of dyadic reciprocity. With regard to agents, the procedure enables researchers to identify those whose behavior is asymmetric with respect to all agents. It is also possible to derive symmetric measurements among agents and to use multivariate statistical techniques.
